HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HALF-MILE FORESTRY STRIP WITHDRAW ALONG MOUNT KILIMANJARO IN MOSHI DISTRICT - Africa Natural Tours ( africanaturaltours.com )
HOUSEHOLD SOCIO-ECONOMIC
EFFECTS OF HALF-MILE FORESTRY STRIP WITHDRAW ALONG MOUNT KILIMANJARO IN MOSHI
DISTRICT
Africa Natural Tours
: Africa Natural Tours (For
Kilimanjaro, Serengeti and Zanzibar) Tanzania safari company in Moshi
Specialized
in: Wildlife safaris, Mountain climbing,
Cultural tourism and Beach holidays in East Africa
Contact
+255 653 679 958
Email:
info@africanaturaltours.com
Website: www.africanaturaltours.com
By Godfrey A. Ngaiza
(The
founder of Africa Natural Tours)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The concept of
parks and protected areas and the aforementioned management approaches first
became explicit in the creation and custodial management of different National
Park. In the 1970s and 1980s, scientists examined biological preservation not
as merely acreage preserved, but rather the quality of biological diversity
that existed within parks and protected areas (Sharma, 2012). Given that an
abundance of rich biological diversity existed in developing countries (Barrow,
2015). The 1982 World Parks Congress in Bali recommended that all nations
should strive to allocate 10% of their lands under protection (Salmi and Monela,
2010).
Mount
Kilimanjaro is the oldest protected area in Africa and was first declared as a
game reserve by the German colonial government in the early part of the 20th
century (Hakikazi, 2014). The area was further gazetted as a forest reserve in
1921 (Monela, 2015). This designation was confirmed by the legislation of
subsequent administrations (Salmi and Monela, 2010). The area above the main
forest line (2,700 metres) was reclassified in 1973 by the Tanzanian Government
to form a National Park, covering 75,353 hectares, surrounded by a Forest
Reserve of 107,828 hectares. Mt. Kilimanjaro National Park was inscribed on the
World Heritage list in 1987, the seventh World Heritage Site in Tanzania (Dery et al., 2009).
The
half mile forest strip (HMFS) is a narrow strip of forest located southern of
Mount Kilimanjaro. It is aligned west to east forming a better of the
Kilimanjaro forest reserve. The forest is a part of the Kilimanjaro forest
reserve and if stretches from Kikeriver on the northeast to Sanya river or the
southwest cutting across Hai Moshi rural and Rombo district.
The
half-mile forestry strip (HMFS) on Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the oldest
social and buffer forests in East Africa (Mariki, 2011). A review of the
history of the management of the HMFS on Mount Kilimanjaro is instructive in
light of the current concern about the conservation of Mount Kilimanjaro. Such
a review should be useful in providing forest managers with potential
approaches towards improving the current management of the forest resources on
Mount Kilimanjaro (Barrow, 2015).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Mount Kilimanjaro is the dominant
economic resource in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania (Monela, et al., 2015).
The dominance of using Mount Kilimanjaro lays a foundation of the formation of HMFS
benefits, because HMFS
are believed to play a crucial role in social-economical benefits (Salmi and
Monela, 2010). In Kilimanjaro Region, Moshi district in particular because is
the district with many villagers which are surrounding mount Kilimanjaro and so
every people would obtain HMFS benefits because most of them are located around
mount (Ghazi et al., 2015).
Despite
the benefits assigned by the HMFS to the surrounding society, it is over
untried such that there was environmental degradation (Sharma, 2012). This situation caused Half-Mile Forestry
Strip Withdraw along Mount Kilimanjaro. However, studies on the social-economic
effects of half-mile forestry strip withdraw along mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi
district are not available. Therefore, this study will explore the
social-economical effects of half-mile forestry strip withdraw among the local
people along Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi district.
1.3 Research Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
The
main objective of the study is to assess the household socio-economic effects
of HMFS withdraw along Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi district.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
Specifically, the study
will intend to;
(i)
To examine the HMFS services that was accessed by households before withdrawn
from using it
(ii)
To determine the economic effects of half-mile forestry strip withdraw among
the local people along Mount Kilimanjaro in the study area;
(iii)
To determine the socio effects on HMFS withdraw among the local people in the
study area
1.4 Research Questions
(i)
What are HMFS services that were accessed by households before withdrawn from using
it?
(ii)
What are economic effects of half-mile forestry strip withdraw among the local
people along Mount Kilimanjaro in the study area?
(iii)
What are socio effects of HMFS withdraw among the local people in the study
area?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study intends to assist policy
makers including ministries; parliament and government agencies to appreciate
the role of HMFS towards its surrounding households. Also it will broaden the
literatures based on challenges use of HMFS. The result of this study may also
be beneficial to national and international organization, donor agencies and
other organization which aim to support HMFS. The study will generate new
knowledge and idea to the public in the
field of the study. This study will also help community households to get awareness
on the position of HMFS in the communities.
Furthermore this study will help NGO’s to
analyze various problems facing HMFS and the means of addressing such problems
facing tourism industry in public organization. The study will help other research to
add knowledge and facilitate the interest of the other researchers under the
same field conduct further research on the same field. The study will be the
policy makers to have knowledge that will help them to make informal decision
towards developing HMFS that works effectively. The study will help the readers and
other researchers of this work to understand different terms and concepts used
in this study.
The
study is significant to TANAPA Management, Moshi district’s people and other
related stakeholders as it will enforce TANAPA to restructure terms and
conditions of providing benefits to Moshi district’s people towards HMFS along
Mount Kilimanjaro. Also the study is of great importance as it addresses HMFS
challenges as it limits the efforts of poverty reduction hence the Moshi
district’s people found alternative sources of income for their life. Further
finding will enable the TANAPA to develop better services of products to Moshi
district’s people.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Review
Decision theory
The
present study is guided by Decision theory. The theory is famous known as
choice under uncertainty theory. This theory represents the heart of decision
theory. The procedure of the theory referred to as expected
value. The theory is concerned with identifying the values,
uncertainties
and other issues relevant in a given decision,
its rationality,
and the resulting optimal
decision. The idea of expected value is that, when faced
with a number of actions, each of which could give rise to more than one
possible outcome with different probabilities, the rational procedure is to
identify all possible outcomes, determine their values (positive or negative)
and the probabilities that will result from each course of action, and multiply
the two to give an expected value. The action to be chosen should be the one
that gives rise to the highest total expected value (Pascal, 1670).
This
theory has been adopted since HMFS withdraw, taken into account positive and
negative value of the decision action. Upon their action, researcher is
intrigued to undertake the study on the real social-economical effects of HMFS
withdraw among the local people along Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi district.
3.1 Research
Design
This
study will adopt a cross-sectional research design. The design has been
proposed as it will allow respondents to be
interviewed at a single point in time which serve money and time. In this design also the study will be able to
different variables. The design has been
proposed due to its flexibility characteristics in the collection of both
qualitative and quantitative information with great accuracy, quick and precise
results at a reasonable period of time.
The study
will conducted in Moshi district; the district has been chosen because it is
the district with large number of villages which were under the HMFS programme,
where it had 39 villages out of 65, others like Rombo district had 13 villages,
Hai had 8 villages and Siha had only 5 villages. Moshi district has a total
number of 157 Villages. According to the
2012 housing and population census the district has a total population of 466
737 people and the population density of 234.3 people per square kilometer .The
main economic activities in the district include crop cultivation and livestock
keeping.
3.3.1 Sampling frame
and sample size
The population frame for this study
will involve all households in the selected villages which were under the HMFS
programme. In the study area each sampled household shall be represented by one
member of the household who shall be the head of the household. The total
number of villages to be included in the study shall be four villages (10% of
all villages under HMFS programme) which have been obtained using the
systematic random sampling by the use of the Kth factor whereby the
list of all 39 villages under HMFS was obtained and the first element (9th
village) was picked and later on the other villages were picked in the list. The sampling fraction to be used to obtain the sampled villages is presented as follows:
K=N/n
K= Sampling Fraction
N= Total number of villages
N= Sample size
The
proposed villages for this study include Mweka village which has 1102
households, Sugu village (551 households), Lole Marera village (1408
households) and the Maringa village (773). This makes that the total number of
households in the selected villages to be 3834 households. According to Bailey (1994) a sample of 30 respondents is the bare minimum for studies
in which statistical analysis can be done regardless of the population size.
Basing on the purpose of the study, the sample size of 120 respondents shall be
adequate for statistical analysis and accuracy of the responses and therefore
each of the selected village shall be represented by 30 households.
The multistage stage
sampling techniques to select the district, villages has been used. This method
allows more than one sampling method to be used (Kothari, 2004). Both probability
and non-probability sampling methods shall be applied, and the units of
analysis for the survey during the study shall be heads of households, whereby
all heads of the households will have equal chances of being included in the
survey.
Purposeful sampling has
been applied to pick Moshi District among the other districts which were
involved in the HMFS programme. This is because Moshi District had a large
number of villages (39 villages) which were involved in the HMFS programme as
compared to other three districts like Rombo (13 villages), Hai (8 villages)
while Siha had only 5 villages. Purposeful sampling shall also be used to
identify respondents for the key informant interviews; this will include
District Officers and Village Executive Officers and Extension Officers.
3.4 Data Collection
Primary data will be collected from
households in respective areas. Secondary data will be collected through review of
different TANAPA reports and forest department of Moshi District including forest
performance reports and annual HMFS benefits reports.
3.4.3.1 Surveying Technique
To assess the evidence of the study variables, a
questionnaire tool will be deployed for
data collection. Questionnaire will
comprise of closed and open ended questions and will be administered to households. The advantages of using
questionnaire include the ability to collect lot
of data within a short time. Moreover, it will serve time, since respondents will spend short
time.
The dully filled questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents and those
who selected randomly due to homogenous characteristics will be filled the
questionnaire in order to capture their views that were used during analysis.
3.4.3.2 Documentary review
Under this method of data collection the following
physical objects or documents will be used during outside sources of data in
order to furnish the study objectives which were primarily dependent on
questionnaire and interview concerned with HMFS. These documents will include the
TANAPA audited performance reports, environmental conservation report and
forest management report. The advantage of using this technique includes having
access to data which respondents might have forgotten and also access to
reliable sources.
3.4.3.3 Key informant interview
Interview
will be conducted to key informants so that to provide adequate information
about particular cases of interest to the study. The information to be
collected are effects of the household economic activities after the withdrawn
from the use of HMFS to households and social effects of HMFS withdraw among
the local people along Mount Kilimanjaro in Moshi district.
3.4.3.4 Focus group discussion
The
study will make a group discussion with leaders of the community so that to
obtain view of households on HMFS. The
information to be collected is HMFS access to household energy among the
households and effects of the household economic activities after the withdrawn
from the use of HMFS to households. These techniques will enable obtaining of
different information at the same time.
Data
analysis will be done using quantitative and qualitative approaches so that
obtain descriptive
statistics and narration statistics. The analysis of quantitative
data will deploy a descriptive statistics where frequency and percentages will
be computed. Qualitative data will be analyzed using content
analysis of which it will categorized opinions, comments and ideas of leaders
and reported concurrently with quantitative data. The first objective which is
to examine the HMFS services that was accessed by households before withdrawn
from using it will be analyzed quantitatively through descriptive analysis by using frequencies and percent,
mean and standard deviation.
The second objective which is to determine the economic effects of half-mile
forestry strip withdraw among the local people along Mount Kilimanjaro in the
study area will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through narration of idea from respondent
and mean and standard deviation
respectively. The third objective which is to determine the socio
effects on HMFS withdraw among the local people in the study area will be
analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through narration of idea from respondent and mean and standard deviation respectively
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